-There is hierarchy in Buddhism as well, likely from its Hindu roots.
Where Karma dictates whether you will improve your station (or diminish) in one's next life upon what form they are to be reincarnated as (Cockroach vs. Monk).
Never said that there wasn't one. Everything responds to an hierarchy, even our organic systems. As well karma isn't much different in essence from the sin, although karma seems a more balanced concept (since it means action or deed, independent of it's value) comparing with "sin". I don't know much about the karma dictating your next life. i always had the notion that karma dictates your everyday life, simillar to what we see in the awesome "My name is Earl".
Also, I always thought in Buddhism when a soul reaches a state of Nirvana upon death, their soul becomes one with the "universe" (can't recall the actual term) and ceases to exist. In a way, Berserk's version of hell, shares a similar concept of where one's soul gets taken up and becomes one with the Idea....or something like that.
You can achieve nirvana while being alive. Nirvana it's a state of mind free of carving (in a very resumed way). I know that it has to do with 4 noble truths and the Noble Eightfold way or something. Berserk hell is something different from Idea, at least that's i think of. Specially with volume 3 where the count wish gets denied and the remaining of him is sucked in to Hell. Idea isn't neither heaven or hell, if we want to reduce it to western concepts. It's above it.
-In regards to Miura's depiction of organized religion, Christianity is definitely the red-headed step-child of the Berserk universe.....Hence the Retribution Arc.
If we are considering one of the religious systems inside plot, yes, there is a lot of references and similarities. But isn't much more the opposite of that statement?
I don't know, if you think about it, here Ys is mentioned as a marquessate, and Holland was also just a province of Spain (Portugal too), until both countries reached independence in some point of their history.
I think you're making confusion with House of Habsburg, which reign over Spain almost 2 centuries (1500 and something to 1700) and in Portugal during 1580 to 1640 (approx). Portugal was already independent before that (during that time we lose truly independence, although in the paper Portugal still was). Holland case, in a nut shell:
From wikipedia
...
In 1432 Holland became part of the Burgundian Netherlands and since 1477 of the Habsburg Seventeen Provinces. In the 16th century the region became densely urbanised, with the majority of the population living in cities. Within the Burgundian Netherlands, it was the dominant province in the north; the political influence of Holland largely determined the extent of Burgundian dominion in that area.
In the Dutch Rebellion against the Habsburgs during the Eighty Years' War, the naval forces of the rebels, the Watergeuzen, established their first permanent base in 1572 in the Hollandic city of Brill. This way Holland, now a sovereign state as part of a larger Dutch confederation, became the centre of the rebellion and as a result the cultural, political and economic centre of the United Provinces, in the 17th century, the Dutch Golden Age, the wealthiest nation in the world.
If anything, any dutch can verify this.